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Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo, -*- Text -*- from input file gcc.texinfo. This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the sections entitled ``GNU General Public License'' and ``Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel''' are included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that the sections entitled ``GNU General Public License'' and ``Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel''' and this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English. File: gcc.info, Node: Options, Next: Installation, Prev: Boycott, Up: Top GNU CC Command Options ********************** The GNU C compiler uses a command syntax much like the Unix C compiler. The `gcc' program accepts options and file names as operands. Multiple single-letter options may *not* be grouped: `-dr' is very different from `-d -r'. When you invoke GNU CC, it normally does preprocessing, compilation, assembly and linking. File names which end in `.c' are taken as C source to be preprocessed and compiled; file names ending in `.i' are taken as preprocessor output to be compiled; compiler output files plus any input files with names ending in `.s' are assembled; then the resulting object files, plus any other input files, are linked together to produce an executable. Command options allow you to stop this process at an intermediate stage. For example, the `-c' option says not to run the linker. Then the output consists of object files output by the assembler. Other command options are passed on to one stage of processing. Some options control the preprocessor and others the compiler itself. Yet other options control the assembler and linker; these are not documented here, but you rarely need to use any of them. Here are the options to control the overall compilation process, including those that say whether to link, whether to assemble, and so on. `-o FILE' Place output in file FILE. This applies regardless to whatever sort of output is being produced, whether it be an executable file, an object file, an assembler file or preprocessed C code. If `-o' is not specified, the default is to put an executable file in `a.out', the object file `SOURCE.c' in `SOURCE.o', an assembler file in `SOURCE.s', and preprocessed C on standard output. `-c' Compile or assemble the source files, but do not link. Produce object files with names made by replacing `.c' or `.s' with `.o' at the end of the input file names. Do nothing at all for object files specified as input. `-S' Compile into assembler code but do not assemble. The assembler output file name is made by replacing `.c' with `.s' at the end of the input file name. Do nothing at all for assembler source files or object files specified as input. `-E' Run only the C preprocessor. Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard output. `-v' Compiler driver program prints the commands it executes as it runs the preprocessor, compiler proper, assembler and linker. Some of these are directed to print their own version numbers. `-pipe' Use pipes rather than temporary files for communication between the various stages of compilation. This fails to work on some systems where the assembler is unable to read from a pipe; but the GNU assembler has no trouble. `-BPREFIX' Compiler driver program tries PREFIX as a prefix for each program it tries to run. These programs are `cpp', `cc1', `as' and `ld'. For each subprogram to be run, the compiler driver first tries the `-B' prefix, if any. If that name is not found, or if `-B' was not specified, the driver tries two standard prefixes, which are `/usr/lib/gcc-' and `/usr/local/lib/gcc-'. If neither of those results in a file name that is found, the unmodified program name is searched for using the directories specified in your `PATH' environment variable. The run-time support file `gnulib' is also searched for using the `-B' prefix, if needed. If it is not found there, the two standard prefixes above are tried, and that is all. The file is left out of the link if it is not found by those means. Most of the time, on most machines, you can do without it. You can get a similar result from the environment variable; `GCC_EXEC_PREFIX' if it is defined, its value is used as a prefix in the same way. If both the `-B' option and the `GCC_EXEC_PREFIX' variable are present, the `-B' option is used first and the environment variable value second. `-bPREFIX' The argument PREFIX is used as a second prefix for the compiler executables and libraries. This prefix is optional: the compiler tries each file first with it, then without it. This prefix follows the prefix specified with `-B' or the default prefixes. Thus, `-bvax- -Bcc/' in the presence of environment variable `GCC_EXEC_PREFIX' with definition `/u/foo/' causes GNU CC to try the following file names for the preprocessor executable: cc/vax-cpp cc/cpp /u/foo/vax-cpp /u/foo/cpp /usr/local/lib/gcc-vax-cpp /usr/local/lib/gcc-cpp /usr/lib/gcc-vax-cpp /usr/lib/gcc-cpp These options control the details of C compilation itself. `-ansi' Support all ANSI standard C programs. This turns off certain features of GNU C that are incompatible with ANSI C, such as the `asm', `inline' and `typeof' keywords, and predefined macros such as `unix' and `vax' that identify the type of system you are using. It also enables the undesirable and rarely used ANSI trigraph feature. The alternate keywords `__asm__', `__inline__' and `__typeof__' continue to work despite `-ansi'. You would not want to use them in an ANSI C program, of course, but it useful to put them in header files that might be included in compilations done with `-ansi'. Alternate predefined macros such as `__unix__' and `__vax__' are also available, with or without `-ansi'. The `-ansi' option does not cause non-ANSI programs to be rejected gratuitously. For that, `-pedantic' is required in addition to `-ansi'. The macro `__STRICT_ANSI__' is predefined when the `-ansi' option is used. Some header files may notice this macro and refrain from declaring certain functions or defining certain macros that the ANSI standard doesn't call for; this is to avoid interfering with any programs that might use these names for other things. `-traditional' Attempt to support some aspects of traditional C compilers. Specifically: * All `extern' declarations take effect globally even if they are written inside of a function definition. This includes implicit declarations of functions. * The keywords `typeof', `inline', `signed', `const' and `volatile' are not recognized. * Comparisons between pointers and integers are always allowed. * Integer types `unsigned short' and `unsigned char' promote to `unsigned int'. * Out-of-range floating point literals are not an error. * String ``constants'' are not necessarily constant; they are stored in writable space, and identical looking constants are allocated separately. * All automatic variables not declared `register' are preserved by `longjmp'. Ordinarily, GNU C follows ANSI C: automatic variables not declared `volatile' may be clobbered. * In the preprocessor, comments convert to nothing at all, rather than to a space. This allows traditional token concatenation. * In the preprocessor, macro arguments are recognized within string constants in a macro definition (and their values are stringified, though without additional quote marks, when they appear in such a context). The preprocessor always considers a string constant to end at a newline. * The predefined macro `__STDC__' is not defined when you use `-traditional', but `__GNUC__' is (since the GNU extensions which `__GNUC__' indicates are not affected by `-traditional'). If you need to write header files that work differently depending on whether `-traditional' is in use, by testing both of these predefined macros you can distinguish four situations: GNU C, traditional GNU C, other ANSI C compilers, and other old C compilers. `-O' Optimize. Optimizing compilation takes somewhat more time, and a lot more memory for a large function. Without `-O', the compiler's goal is to reduce the cost of compilation and to make debugging produce the expected results. Statements are independent: if you stop the program with a breakpoint between statements, you can then assign a new value to any variable or change the program counter to any other statement in the function and get exactly the results you would expect from the source code. Without `-O', only variables declared `register' are allocated in registers. The resulting compiled code is a little worse than produced by PCC without `-O'. With `-O', the compiler tries to reduce code size and execution time. Some of the `-f' options described below turn specific kinds of optimization on or off. `-g' Produce debugging information in the operating system's native format (for DBX or SDB). GDB also can work with this debugging information. Unlike most other C compilers, GNU CC allows you to use `-g' with `-O'. The shortcuts taken by optimized code may occasionally produce surprising results: some variables you declared may not exist at all; flow of control may briefly move where you did not expect it; some statements may not be executed because they compute constant results or their values were already at hand; some statements may execute in different places because they were moved out of loops. Nevertheless it proves possible to debug optimized output. This makes it reasonable to use the optimizer for programs that might have bugs. `-gg' Produce debugging information in the old GDB format. This is obsolete. `-w' Inhibit all warning messages. `-W' Print extra warning messages for these events: * An automatic variable is used without first being initialized. These warnings are possible only in optimizing compilation, because they require data flow information that is computed only when optimizing. If you don't specify `-O', you simply won't get these warnings. These warnings occur only for variables that are candidates for register allocation. Therefore, they do not occur for a variable that is declared `volatile', or whose address is taken, or whose size is other than 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes. Also, they do not occur for structures, unions or arrays, even when they are in registers. Note that there may be no warning about a variable that is used only to compute a value that itself is never used, because such computations may be deleted by data flow analysis before the warnings are printed. These warnings are made optional because GNU CC is not smart enough to see all the reasons why the code might be correct despite appearing to have an error. Here is one example of how this can happen: { int x; switch (y) { case 1: x = 1; break; case 2: x = 4; break; case 3: x = 5; } foo (x); } If the value of `y' is always 1, 2 or 3, then `x' is always initialized, but GNU CC doesn't know this. Here is another common case: { int save_y; if (change_y) save_y = y, y = new_y; ... if (change_y) y = save_y; } This has no bug because `save_y' is used only if it is set. Some spurious warnings can be avoided if you declare as `volatile' all the functions you use that never return. *Note Function Attributes::. * A nonvolatile automatic variable might be changed by a call to `longjmp'. These warnings as well are possible only in optimizing compilation. The compiler sees only the calls to `setjmp'. It cannot know where `longjmp' will be called; in fact, a signal handler could call it at any point in the code. As a result, you may get a warning even when there is in fact no problem because `longjmp' cannot in fact be called at the place which would cause a problem. * A function can return either with or without a value. (Falling off the end of the function body is considered returning without a value.) For example, this function would evoke such a warning: foo (a) { if (a > 0) return a; } Spurious warnings can occur because GNU CC does not realize that certain functions (including `abort' and `longjmp') will never return. * An expression-statement contains no side effects. In the future, other useful warnings may also be enabled by this option. `-Wimplicit' Warn whenever a function is implicitly declared. `-Wreturn-type' Warn whenever a function is defined with a return-type that defaults to `int'. Also warn about any `return' statement with no return-value in a function whose return-type is not `void'. `-Wunused' Warn whenever a local variable is unused aside from its declaration, whenever a function is declared static but never defined, and whenever a statement computes a result that is explicitly not used. `-Wswitch' Warn whenever a `switch' statement has an index of enumeral type and lacks a `case' for one or more of the named codes of that enumeration. (The presence of a `default' label prevents this warning.) `case' labels outside the enumeration range also provoke warnings when this option is used. `-Wcomment' Warn whenever a comment-start sequence `/*' appears in a comment. `-Wtrigraphs' Warn if any trigraphs are encountered (assuming they are enabled). `-Wall' All of the above `-W' options combined. These are all the options which pertain to usage that we recommend avoiding and that we believe is easy to avoid, even in conjunction with macros. The other `-W...' options below are not implied by `-Wall' because certain kinds of useful macros are almost impossible to write without causing those warnings. `-Wshadow' Warn whenever a local variable shadows another local variable. `-Wid-clash-LEN' Warn whenever two distinct identifiers match in the first LEN characters. This may help you prepare a program that will compile with certain obsolete, brain-damaged compilers. `-Wpointer-arith' Warn about anything that depends on the ``size of'' a function type or of `void'. GNU C assigns these types a size of 1, for convenience in calculations with `void *' pointers and pointers to functions. `-Wcast-qual' Warn whenever a pointer is cast so as to remove a type qualifier from the target type. For example, warn if a `const char *' is cast to an ordinary `char *'. `-Wwrite-strings' Give string constants the type `const char[LENGTH]' so that copying the address of one into a non-`const' `char *' pointer will get a warning. These warnings will help you find at compile time code that can try to write into a string constant, but only if you have been very careful about using `const' in declarations and prototypes. Otherwise, it will just be a nuisance; this is why we did not make `-Wall' request these warnings. `-p' Generate extra code to write profile information suitable for the analysis program `prof'. `-pg' Generate extra code to write profile information suitable for the analysis program `gprof'. `-a' Generate extra code to write profile information for basic blocks, which will record the number of times each basic block is executed. This data could be analyzed by a program like `tcov'. Note, however, that the format of the data is not what `tcov' expects. Eventually GNU `gprof' should be extended to process this data. `-lLIBRARY' Search a standard list of directories for a library named LIBRARY, which is actually a file named `libLIBRARY.a'. The linker uses this file as if it had been specified precisely by name. The directories searched include several standard system directories plus any that you specify with `-L'. Normally the files found this way are library files--archive files whose members are object files. The linker handles an archive file by scanning through it for members which define symbols that have so far been referenced but not defined. But if the file that is found is an ordinary object file, it is linked in the usual fashion. The only difference between using an `-l' option and specifying a file name is that `-l' searches several directories. `-LDIR' Add directory DIR to the list of directories to be searched for `-l'. `-nostdlib' Don't use the standard system libraries and startup files when linking. Only the files you specify will be passed to the linker. `-mMACHINESPEC' Machine-dependent option specifying something about the type of target machine. These options are defined by the macro `TARGET_SWITCHES' in the machine description. The default for the options is also defined by that macro, which enables you to change the defaults. These are the `-m' options defined in the 68000 machine description: `-m68020' `-mc68020' Generate output for a 68020 (rather than a 68000). This is the default if you use the unmodified sources. `-m68000' `-mc68000' Generate output for a 68000 (rather than a 68020). `-m68881' Generate output containing 68881 instructions for floating point. This is the default if you use the unmodified sources. `-mfpa' Generate output containing Sun FPA instructions for floating point. `-msoft-float' Generate output containing library calls for floating point. `-mshort' Consider type `int' to be 16 bits wide, like `short int'. `-mnobitfield' Do not use the bit-field instructions. `-m68000' implies `-mnobitfield'. `-mbitfield' Do use the bit-field instructions. `-m68020' implies `-mbitfield'. This is the default if you use the unmodified sources. `-mrtd' Use a different function-calling convention, in which functions that take a fixed number of arguments return with the `rtd' instruction, which pops their arguments while returning. This saves one instruction in the caller since there is no need to pop the arguments there. This calling convention is incompatible with the one normally used on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call libraries compiled with the Unix compiler. Also, you must provide function prototypes for all functions that take variable numbers of arguments (including `printf'); otherwise incorrect code will be generated for calls to those functions. In addition, seriously incorrect code will result if you call a function with too many arguments. (Normally, extra arguments are harmlessly ignored.) The `rtd' instruction is supported by the 68010 and 68020 processors, but not by the 68000. These `-m' options are defined in the Vax machine description: `-munix' Do not output certain jump instructions (`aobleq' and so on) that the Unix assembler for the Vax cannot handle across long ranges. `-mgnu' Do output those jump instructions, on the assumption that you will assemble with the GNU assembler. `-mg' Output code for g-format floating point numbers instead of d-format. These `-m' switches are supported on the Sparc: `-mfpu' Generate output containing floating point instructions. This is the default if you use the unmodified sources. `-mno-epilogue' Generate separate return instructions for `return' statements. This has both advantages and disadvantages; I don't recall what they are. These `-m' options are defined in the Convex machine description: `-mc1' Generate output for a C1. This is the default when the compiler is configured for a C1. `-mc2' Generate output for a C2. This is the default when the compiler is configured for a C2. `-margcount' Generate code which puts an argument count in the word preceding each argument list. Some nonportable Convex and Vax programs need this word. (Debuggers don't; this info is in the symbol table.) `-mnoargcount' Omit the argument count word. This is the default if you use the unmodified sources. `-fFLAG' Specify machine-independent flags. Most flags have both positive and negative forms; the negative form of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. In the table below, only one of the forms is listed--the one which is not the default. You can figure out the other form by either removing `no-' or adding it. `-fpcc-struct-return' Use the same convention for returning `struct' and `union' values that is used by the usual C compiler on your system. This convention is less efficient for small structures, and on many machines it fails to be reentrant; but it has the advantage of allowing intercallability between GCC-compiled code and PCC-compiled code. `-ffloat-store' Do not store floating-point variables in registers. This prevents undesirable excess precision on machines such as the 68000 where the floating registers (of the 68881) keep more precision than a `double' is supposed to have. For most programs, the excess precision does only good, but a few programs rely on the precise definition of IEEE floating point. Use `-ffloat-store' for such programs. `-fno-asm' Do not recognize `asm', `inline' or `typeof' as a keyword. These words may then be used as identifiers. You can use `__asm__', `__inline__' and `__typeof__' instead. `-fno-defer-pop' Always pop the arguments to each function call as soon as that function returns. Normally the compiler (when optimizing) lets arguments accumulate on the stack for several function calls and pops them all at once. `-fstrength-reduce' Perform the optimizations of loop strength reduction and elimination of iteration variables. `-fcombine-regs' Allow the combine pass to combine an instruction that copies one register into another. This might or might not produce better code when used in addition to `-O'. I am interested in hearing about the difference this makes. `-fforce-mem' Force memory operands to be copied into registers before doing arithmetic on them. This may produce better code by making all memory references potential common subexpressions. When they are not common subexpressions, instruction combination should eliminate the separate register-load. I am interested in hearing about the difference this makes. `-fforce-addr' Force memory address constants to be copied into registers before doing arithmetic on them. This may produce better code just as `-fforce-mem' may. I am interested in hearing about the difference this makes. `-fomit-frame-pointer' Don't keep the frame pointer in a register for functions that don't need one. This avoids the instructions to save, set up and restore frame pointers; it also makes an extra register available in many functions. *It also makes debugging impossible.* On some machines, such as the Vax, this flag has no effect, because the standard calling sequence automatically handles the frame pointer and nothing is saved by pretending it doesn't exist. The machine-description macro `FRAME_POINTER_REQUIRED' controls whether a target machine supports this flag. *Note Registers::. `-finline-functions' Integrate all simple functions into their callers. The compiler heuristically decides which functions are simple enough to be worth integrating in this way. If all calls to a given function are integrated, and the function is declared `static', then the function is normally not output as assembler code in its own right. `-fcaller-saves' Enable values to be allocated in registers that will be clobbered by function calls, by emitting extra instructions to save and restore the registers around such calls. Such allocation is done only when it seems to result in better code than would otherwise be produced. This option is enabled by default on certain machines, usually those which have no call-preserved registers to use instead. `-fkeep-inline-functions' Even if all calls to a given function are integrated, and the function is declared `static', nevertheless output a separate run-time callable version of the function. `-fwritable-strings' Store string constants in the writable data segment and don't uniquize them. This is for compatibility with old programs which assume they can write into string constants. `-traditional' also has this effect. Writing into string constants is a very bad idea; ``constants'' should be constant. `-fcond-mismatch' Allow conditional expressions with mismatched types in the second and third arguments. The value of such an expression is void. `-fno-function-cse' Do not put function addresses in registers; make each instruction that calls a constant function contain the function's address explicitly. This option results in less efficient code, but some strange hacks that alter the assembler output may be confused by the optimizations performed when this option is not used. `-fvolatile' Consider all memory references through pointers to be volatile. `-fshared-data' Requests that the data and non-`const' variables of this compilation be shared data rather than private data. The distinction makes sense only on certain operating systems, where shared data is shared between processes running the same program, while private data exists in one copy per process. `-funsigned-char' Let the type `char' be the unsigned, like `unsigned char'. Each kind of machine has a default for what `char' should be. It is either like `unsigned char' by default or like `signed char' by default. (Actually, at present, the default is always signed.) The type `char' is always a distinct type from either `signed char' or `unsigned char', even though its behavior is always just like one of those two. Note that this is equivalent to `-fno-signed-char', which is the negative form of `-fsigned-char'. `-fsigned-char' Let the type `char' be signed, like `signed char'. Note that this is equivalent to `-fno-unsigned-char', which is the negative form of `-funsigned-char'. `-fdelayed-branch' If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder instructions to exploit instruction slots available after delayed branch instructions. `-ffixed-REG' Treat the register named REG as a fixed register; generated code should never refer to it (except perhaps as a stack pointer, frame pointer or in some other fixed role). REG must be the name of a register. The register names accepted are machine-specific and are defined in the `REGISTER_NAMES' macro in the machine description macro file. This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a three-way choice. `-fcall-used-REG' Treat the register named REG as an allocatable register that is clobbered by function calls. It may be allocated for temporaries or variables that do not live across a call. Functions compiled this way will not save and restore the register REG. Use of this flag for a register that has a fixed pervasive role in the machine's execution model, such as the stack pointer or frame pointer, will produce disastrous results. This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a three-way choice. `-fcall-saved-REG' Treat the register named REG as an allocatable register saved by functions. It may be allocated even for temporaries or variables that live across a call. Functions compiled this way will save and restore the register REG if they use it. Use of this flag for a register that has a fixed pervasive role in the machine's execution model, such as the stack pointer or frame pointer, will produce disastrous results. A different sort of disaster will result from the use of this flag for a register in which function values may be returned. This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a three-way choice. `-dLETTERS' Says to make debugging dumps at times specified by LETTERS. Here are the possible letters: `r' Dump after RTL generation. `j' Dump after first jump optimization. `s' Dump after CSE (including the jump optimization that sometimes follows CSE). `L' Dump after loop optimization. `f' Dump after flow analysis. `c' Dump after instruction combination. `l' Dump after local register allocation. `g' Dump after global register allocation. `d' Dump after delayed branch scheduling. `J' Dump after last jump optimization. `m' Print statistics on memory usage, at the end of the run. `-pedantic' Issue all the warnings demanded by strict ANSI standard C; reject all programs that use forbidden extensions. Valid ANSI standard C programs should compile properly with or without this option (though a rare few will require `-ansi'). However, without this option, certain GNU extensions and traditional C features are supported as well. With this option, they are rejected. There is no reason to use this option; it exists only to satisfy pedants. `-pedantic' does not cause warning messages for use of the alternate keywords whose names begin and end with `__'. *Note Alternate Keywords::. `-static' On Suns running version 4, this prevents linking with the shared libraries. (`-g' has the same effect.) These options control the C preprocessor, which is run on each C source file before actual compilation. If you use the `-E' option, nothing is done except C preprocessing. Some of these options make sense only together with `-E' because they request preprocessor output that is not suitable for actual compilation. `-C' Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments. Used with the `-E' option. `-IDIR' Search directory DIR for include files. `-I-' Any directories specified with `-I' options before the `-I-' option are searched only for the case of `#include "FILE"'; they are not searched for `#include <FILE>'. If additional directories are specified with `-I' options after the `-I-', these directories are searched for all `#include' directives. (Ordinarily *all* `-I' directories are used this way.) In addition, the `-I-' option inhibits the use of the current directory (where the current input file came from) as the first search directory for `#include "FILE"'. There is no way to override this effect of `-I-'. With `-I.' you can specify searching the directory which was current when the compiler was invoked. That is not exactly the same as what the preprocessor does by default, but it is often satisfactory. `-I-' does not inhibit the use of the standard system directories for header files. Thus, `-I-' and `-nostdinc' are independent. `-i FILE' Process FILE as input, discarding the resulting output, before processing the regular input file. Because the output generated from FILE is discarded, the only effect of `-i FILE' is to make the macros defined in FILE available for use in the main input. `-nostdinc' Do not search the standard system directories for header files. Only the directories you have specified with `-I' options (and the current directory, if appropriate) are searched. Between `-nostdinc' and `-I-', you can eliminate all directories from the search path except those you specify. `-M' Tell the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for `make' describing the dependencies of each source file. For each source file, the preprocessor outputs one `make'-rule whose target is the object file name for that source file and whose dependencies are all the files `#include'd in it. This rule may be a single line or may be continued with `\'-newline if it is long. `-M' implies `-E'. `-MM' Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user-header files included with `#include "FILE"'. System header files included with `#include <FILE>' are omitted. `-MM' implies `-E'. `-DMACRO' Define macro MACRO with the string `1' as its definition. `-DMACRO=DEFN' Define macro MACRO as DEFN. `-UMACRO' Undefine macro MACRO. `-trigraphs' Support ANSI C trigraphs. You don't want to know about this brain-damage. The `-ansi' option also has this effect.